Lead is a potent neurotoxin that can leach into water from aging pipes and solder. Even at low levels, exposure is linked to neurological damage, particularly affecting brain development in children and cardiovascular health in adults. Because lead is colorless and odorless, analytical screening is an essential first step in baselining your residential water chemistry.

Nitrates are often a result of fertilizer runoff or septic leakage. Clinical research indicates that high levels are a serious health concern because they interfere with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. This is especially critical for infants, where it can lead to "blue baby syndrome" (methemoglobinemia).

Manganese is a mineral that, in high concentrations, has been linked to adverse neurological effects. Beyond health, it can cause blackish staining on surfaces and a bitter, chemical taste in your drinking water.

While often added to municipal water for dental health, excessive fluoride intake can lead to skeletal and dental fluorosis, which affects the integrity of bones and tooth enamel. Monitoring levels ensures you are within the "sweet spot" for benefits without the risks of overexposure.

Chlorine is a necessary tool used by cities to kill bacteria and viruses during transport. However, it is a disinfectant with no nutritional benefit once it reaches your tap. It can cause a strong chemical odor, unpleasant taste, and may irritate sensitive skin and eyes during bathing.

Hardness is a measure of calcium and magnesium. While not a direct health threat, "hard" water causes mineral scale buildup that can affect water heaters and clogs pipes. High levels can strip natural oils from the body, leading to dry, irritated skin and dull hair.

While iron is an essential nutrient, high levels in your water cause significant "nuisance" issues. It is responsible for stubborn orange or brown staining on laundry and fixtures and can impart a harsh metallic taste to drinking water and food.

TDS (total dissolved solids) represents the total concentration of dissolved substances in your water. While not a single pollutant, a high TDS reading is a primary indicator of overall mineral content and purity. High levels often result in a "salty" or bitter taste and can leave spots on glassware.